Engine regulating system



March 2,1954 F. c. REGGIO 2,670,7 4

ENGINE REGULATING SYSTEM Filed Nov. 20, 1944 4 Sheets-Sheet l March 2, 1954 F. C. REGGIO ENGINE REGULATING SYSTEM 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Nov. 20, 1944 March 2, 1954 F. c. REGGIO 2,670,724

ENGINE REGULATING SYSTEM Filed Nov. 20, 1944 4 SheeFs -Sheet 4 Patented Mar. 2, 1954 UNITED STATES AYENT OFFICE ENGINE REGULATING SYSTEM Ferdinando Carlo Reggie, Bufialo, N. Y.

Application November 20, 1944, Serial No. 564,379

47 Claims. 1

This invention relates to engine regulating systems, and more particularly to mechanisms for automatically controlling one or more engine operative adjustments upon changes of one or more preselected variables or parameters. The invention is particularly useful in connection with aircraft engines and other automotive powerplants.

Aside from mechanical limitations, the maximum power output of an internal combustion engine is limited by conditions resulting from the high temperature of combustion, such as detonation; and the detonation limit for a given fuel is in turn dependent upon the cylinder compression ratio, the fuel-air ratio of the combustible mixture, the spark advance and other engine operative conditions including the induction and cylinder temperatures and the exhaust pressure.

Other conditions being equal, the lower the compression ratio, the higher the boost pressure which the engine can withstand without detonation. On the other hand, the engine thermal efiiciency may be considerably improved by increasing said ratio. Accordingly, aircraft engines designed for high specific power output have moderate compression ratio and consequently comparatively poor fuel economy; while engines designed for transcontinental or transoceanic flights, where low fuel consumption under cruising operation is a primary requisite, are designed with higher compression ratio.

One of the objects of the invention is to provide a simple device for the automatic regulation of the engine cylinders compression ratio while the engine is operating, whereby high specific power output may be obtained at take-oil together with high fuel economy under cruising conditions.

Another object is to provide a regulating system for automatically and simultaneously adjusting one or more engine operative conditions such as the compression ratio, the fuel-air ratio of the combustible mixture, the ignition timing, the injection of water or other anti-knock fluid, the manifold pressure, or the engine fuel supply, or the maximum engine boost, upon changes of preselected variables or parameters.

A further object is to provide means for automatically correcting the engine operative adjustments when detonation occurs.

Other objects and advantages will be more particularly pointed out hereinafter or will become apparent as the description proceeds.

In the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals are used to designate similar parts throughout, there are illustrated suitable mechanical embodiments for the purpose of disclosing the invention. The drawings, however, are for the purpose of illustration only and are not to be taken as limiting or restricting the invention since it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the illustrated construction may be resorted to without in any way exceeding the scope of the invention, as defined by the claims.

In the drawings,

Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional vier through an engine constructed according to the invention. Figures 2 and 3 are fragmentary sections taken along the lines 2-2 and 3-3 of Figure 1, respectively. V

Figure 4 shows in side elevation an example of regulating system embodying the invention. Figures 5 and 6 are sections taken along the lines 55 and 5-6 of Figure 4, respectively.

Figures 7 and 9 show in side elevation two further examples of embodiment of regulating systems according to the invention. Figure 8 is a fragmentary section taken along the line 88 of Figure 7.

Figure 10 shows a variable pitch propeller which may be used in connection with the structure of Figure 7.

Referring to the drawings in detail, the numeral I 0 indicates an engine, shown as a conventional radial aircraft engine, provided with a crankshaft ll having a crankpin l2, a master rod l3 connected to the piston l4, and other rods, not shown, connected with the master rod it. An eccentric sleeve I5 is loosely mounted between the crankpin I2 and the master rod bore. and is provided with a flat circular plate having peripheral teeth which mesh with a pinion I! ooaxial with the crankshaft journals. This pinion is keyed to the shaft of a reversible rotary servomotor I 9 which is secured within an axial bore of the crankshaft journal. This servomotor is shown in Figures 1 and 3 as a hydraulic servomotor having vanes 20 operating in an eccentric chamber connected on diametrally opposite sides through ducts formed in the journal with con duits 2i and 22 controlled by a slide valve 23; the arrangement being such that when the valve is in neutral position as shown in the drawings the pinion I! is hydraulically locked with respect to the crankshaft, and the eccentric sleeve I 5 rotates with the crankpin I2 as if it were rigidly attached thereto. Upward displacement of the valve 23 connects the conduits 2| and 22 with a 5 highpressure oil line 24 and with a drain line 25,

respectively, causing rotation of the servomotor pinion I! and of the eccentric sleeve |5 in such directions as to increase the effective crank radius, the stroke of the pistons l4 and the compression ratio of the various engine cylinders. Conversely, upon downward displacement of the valve 23 the conduits 2| and 22 are connected with a drain line 26 and the high pressure line 24, respectively, and .the servomotor turns the sleeve lfilrelatively'to the crankpin I2 in the direction to decrease the efiective crank radius and the cylinder compression ratio.

The crankshaft may be provided with dynamic counterweights 21 whose distance from the axis is dependent upon the :angular adjustment of an eccentric sleeve 29, rotatably mounted in the crankshaft cheek and provided with peripheral teeth meshing with idler gears -3.| and 32 driven from the servomotor pinion ll, whereby the effective radii of the crankpin i2 and counterweights '2'! are. simultaneouslyaltered so as'to preserve the balance of .the rotating and reciprocating engine system.

.A compression spring'3,4 at.the lower end oilthe pilot valve23 exerts an upward loacl'thereon. A ,chamberSEat the upper end of the valve 23 in constant communication with the high pressure oil conduit24 through asma'll orifice '37. An axialbore39 formedin thepilot valve 23 connects the pressure chamber 35 with the drain line 25, and the open area of this bore or port 39 is ,controlledby a. slidable needle valve 4! coaxial therewith. The latter valve is provided with a small piston 42 defining .a dash-pot chamber 4.3 to which oil is admitted "from thehigh pressure .oi1.1ine 24 through ,a port 44 controlled by a sprin 1oaded valve.

-The .upper end of the needle valve 4| is connected with an intermediate point of a floating lever 45 formed with light fiat spring material, the outerend of which lever may bemoved upor down by rotating 2. control lever '41, .while the opposite orinner end of lever '45 isadapted to come into contact withthe piston I4 when the.latte r is in its lowest or bottom dead center position. A spring 5| exerts an upward .load on the needle valve 4| tending to lift the latter as well as the inner end of lever 45. The velocity ofthese npwardmotions, however, is limited to a very small value corresponding to the leakage of oil from the dash-pot 43. On the other hand the downward motion of the needlevalve 4 is not damped, since the suction determined by piston 42 lifts the valve controlling port 144 and causes admission of oil to the dash-pot 43.

The compression ratio regulating device, shown inFigures 1,2 and3 operates as-follows: with the engine revolving, when pisto n l4 attains its bottom dead center position it is in ;contact with lever 45. This contact lasts only -a very short time, and as the piston moves upward, owing to the'load of spring 5! and the dampening action of the dash-pot the inner end oflever 45 moves upwardat'low velocity until, after completion ,of

one engine revolution, piston l4 again comes in contact with lever '45 and brings it back to its original position, thus determining downward motion of piston 42, opening of valve and adrmission of'oilto thedash-pot-43. It is thus apparent thatwithxthe engine in motion the in- .neriendeof lever i45zhas apulsating or reciprocatingimotion of very small amplitude, and in substance its position indicates the bottom dead center position of piston 44.

The lower .endiof lthe needle valve all controls the open or effective flow area of the drain conduit 39 formed in the pilot valve 23. In normal operation the pilot valve 23 is in neutral position; and the relative axial adjustment of pilot valve 23 and needle valve 4| and in turn the effective area of the drain conduit 39 are such as to maintain in chamber 35 the proper oil pressure to balance the load of spring 34.

If this .condition of equilibrium -.of the pilot valve in its neutral position.isadisturbed-for example, by rotating the lever 4'! counter-clockwise and thus causing downward motion of the outer end of lever 45, the needle valve 4| moves downward, decreases the effective area of the .oil discharge orifice 39 while the admission orifree '31 remains unchanged, and the oil pressure ;in rchamberiiifi rises; whereupon the pilot valve 23 moves downward and sets the servomotor l9 in-motion so as to rotate the eccentric sleeve l5 relatively to the crankpin 12 in the direction to :decrease theeiiective crank radius thereof. As :a-result, both the stroke of the enginepistonsfl :and the compression ratio of the engine cylinders :arecaused 'to decrease; and the inner 'end of :lever 45, following the variation of the bottom :deadcenter position of piston M, will move up- :ward and lift the needle valve-4|. This-will in turn determine an increase of area of-the -dis- -charge.orific :-39,:a drop o'f'oil pressure inchamrber:35,.and upward motion of'the pilot-valve 23. .Rotation of .the servomotor 3H and consequent decrease 'of cylinder compression ratio and upward motion of the needle valve 4| and pilot valve .23 continues until :the latter valve returns to neutral position.

Conversely, clockwise rotation of lever 41 lifts the outer;end of lever .45 and the needle valve 4|, causes upward motion of the pilot valve 23, starts the :servomotor :gear 11 and determines rotation of theeccentricsleeve IE relative-to the .crankpin 12 :in a direction to increase the a crank radius and in turn increase-the stroke of the engine pistons and-th compression ratio of the .cylinders. position-of piston :14 :moves downward, causing .downward motion of the :inner end :of lever -45, -.of :the needle valve 4| and pilot valve' 23; and the operation -of the :servomotor does not stop .until the latter valve 23 resumes its :neutr-a'liposition. The engine compression ratio may'thus be regulated while the engine is operatin tby means of the .control lever :41, and may assume any desired value within the designed limits.

Figureszlj and ogindicate one-of thepreferred embodiments of engine regulating system according to the invention. This includes aregulator-having-a housing-53 and a'shafti54 therein, formed with a non-circular or splined rend-slid- .able ,in a sleeve 55 which :is rotatably: mounted in the :cover of housing .53 :and is providedwith .a lever 51 whichserves =to control the angular .adjustment of the shaft. This shaft '54 is connected with two expansible pressure responsive bellows 59 and .60 which are coaxial therewith and enclosed within sealed housings El and 62, respectively. The far end of :the latter bellows is secured to a shaftelement :63 whioh'extends throughabore formed in the cover of housing 62 and which is provided with an annular groove engaged by one-endofabell-crank lever 64 linked toa remote control member such as-a pilot lever 65. Three warped cams-61,68 and 69 are secured to the shaft '54, and the whole shaft assembly including cams, bellows and element '53 are retatable with ilever :51, while the axial adjustment As -a :result, :the :bottom dead :center,

a: the shaft 54 and of the three warped cams is dependent upon the setting of the pilot lever 65 and the pressures within the bellows housings BI and 62.

The slidable and rotatable warped cam 61 actuates a spring loaded needle valve 1| slidably mounted in the end wall of a hydraulic cylinder including a power piston 12 loaded by a spring 13, provided with a discharge conduit 14 coaxial with the valve 1|, and actuated by the pressure oil in chamber 15. Oil is admitted to chamber 15 from a high pressure oil line 16 through a calibrated orifice 11, and is drained therefrom through the conduit 14 whose effective open area is dependent upon the relative axial adjustment of the needle valve H and power piston 12; and through the low pressur return line 19. The power piston 12 is actuated by the needle valve 1| in the same manner as the pilot valve 23 shown in Figure 1 is controlled by the needle valve 4|; that is to say, upon motion of the needle valve 1| toward the left or the right, owing to the variation in the effective area of the discharge orifice 14 the oil pressurein chamber 15 increases or decreases, respectively, causing the power piston to follow the motions of the valve H.

The power piston 12 is provided with a rod 8! connected with an intermediate point of a floating lever 82 th lower end of which carries a pin engaging a slot 83 formed in a cam 84 secured to a shaft 85. The angular. adjustment of this shaft is controlledl by a lever 81 actuated by centrifugal flyballs 89 driven from the engine I0 and is therefore dependent upon the engine speed. The upper end of lever 82 is connected to the compression ratio control lever 41.

A second power piston 9|, similar to piston 12, is actuated from the warped cam '88 and is connected with an intermediate point of a second floating lever 92 whose lower point is controlled through a pin and slot connection by a cam 93 secured to the shaft 85. The upper end of lever 92 is connected with the ignition timing control lever 94 which angularly adjusts the electrical circuit breaker of the magneto 95 or other equiva-- lent spark timing control device, and can be rotated clockwise to advance the spark or counterclockwise to retard the spark.

A third power piston 91, actuated from cam 69,

controls an intermediate point of lever 99 whose lower end is adjusted through a pin and slot connection by a cam I00 carried by the shaft 85. The upper end of lever 99 actuates a fuel-air 'mixture ratio control lever IOI which may be fiuid to the turbine I09 driving the first stage supercharger I08. A conventional gear-driven supercharger, as shown at I06 in Figure 9, may

be provided in the engine I0, between the carburetor I02 and the manifold I05.

The lever '51 of the regulator is connected with a floating lever H0 whose upper and lower ends are actuated by a manifold or intake charge temperature responsive element III, and by a cylinder temperature responsive element 2, re-

'on the cover of housing 62; while the pivotbetween element I I5 and I I6 is connected "with one end of lever I20 whose opposite end is carried by 'the free extremity of a bimetallic strip I2I surrounded by a heating coil I22 and so designed as to deflect upward when heated. The coil is connected with a storage battery I23 and, through the conductor I24, with a contact included in the detonation detector I 25 mounted on the head of one of the engine cylinders.

The detonation detector includes a housing having a threaded portion I26 adapted to be screwed in a tapped bore provided in the cylinder head of one of the engine cylinders, and is provided with a flexible diaphragm I21 secured to the lower end thereof and so designed as to come flush with the combustion chamber surface and be exposed to the pressure within the cylinder. A thrust element I28 having an axial cavity adapted to receive one end of a light pin I29 is electrically welded to the center of diaphragm I21; and a second flexible diphragm or bellows I30 is secured to the thrust element I28 and to the body I28 'in such a manner as to define a Y chamber I3I which is'oil tight except for conduits I32 and I33 for the admission and discharge of a suitable liquid to cool the diaphragm I21.

' The upper end of pin I29 is centered in a hemispherical cavity form'ed in a resilient conductor I34 attached at one end to the housing I 25 which is connected to the ground through the engine cylinder. The opposite end of conductor I34 carries the movable element I35 of an electric contact, whose other element I35 is secured to a similar conductor I31 isolated from the housing I25 and connected with the conductor I24. The conductor I34 exerts a light axial load on the pin I29 tending to maintain the latter in contact with the thrust element I28.

The detonation'detector I 25 includes in substance a modified form of Dr. H. C. Dickinsons bouncingpin, a description of which may be found in the Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers, vol. 10, No. 1, January, 1922, pages 7-11, entitled Methods of Measuring Detonation in Engines, by Thomas Midgley, Jr., and T. A. Boyd.

The detonation detector operates as follows: during normal combustion the pin I29 moves up and down very slightly due to its following the movement of the diaphragm I21 determined by normal pressure changes in the cylinder, and the distance between contact elements I35 and I35 is such that under this slight motion of the pin I29 the contact remains open, no current flows around the heating coil I22, the bi-metallic strip I2I remains fiat, and the linkage elements H5 and IIS are substantially coaxial. But when detonation occurs the pin I 29 is projected upward a noticeable distance from the thrust element I28, causes engagement of the contact elements I35 and I35, and determines flow of current through the heating coil I22; whereupon the bi-metallic strip I2I bends upward and throws the linkage elements H5 and H8 out of line as shown in Figure 5 and, for a fixed'adjust- 'ment, of the manual lever 65, determines clockv wise rotation of the bell-crank lever I20 and axial displacement of shaft combustible mixture ratio.

opmgmc although two :successive :explosions are rarely :exactly alike, the :am'angement including :the :bi-meta'llic :strip 121 and the heating coil I22 provides :an integration of "the fluctuations of the pin 1:29, that :is to say ao'f the :leng'thof time the iCODtEt'Ct :points 135 :and I36 "are closedgand the deflection of thestrip I2I provides an accurate measure ofthe intensity of detonation :or :rate of :pressure arise within the cylinder.

engine speed. The warped cams and :the slots in .the rotatable discs may be so designed :as to obtain for each set of operating pressures, tem- --peratures and speed predetermined optimum values of compression ratio, ignition timing and For example, 'where the operating pressures, temperatures and speed are those corresponding to-normal cruising conditions, the regulator will maintain high com- .pressionratio, large spark advance andileanmixture .to-insure optimum fuel economy. Upon "in- .crease of intake charge temperature and/or cylinder temperature, theensuing rotation of the cams may-decrease the compression ratio and/o1 retard the spark an'd'increase the fuel-air ratio. If .the engine power output is increased, the increase of engine speed, manifold pressure and operating temperatures cause rotation of the cams 84,193 and Hill and-axial and angular displacement-of the warped cams 61, B8 and "89 to pressure. '0bviously, 'the regulator may be designed for the automatic adjustment of compressionratio, spar-kadvance and fuel-air ratio throughout the whole range of engine operative conditions, including starting :and idling.

Figures 7 and 8 illustrate another example of embodiment of the invention. The aircraft'engins-ill is-provided with compression'ratio, ignition timing-and fuel-air ratio control levers '41, 94 and Hll respectively, as already set forth in .detail, as well as with .a variable pitch propeller, as diagrammatically indicated in Figure 10, whose pitch is regulated by a servomotor controlled-byapilot valve MI actuated by an engine- .driven governor including a spring I42. The load of this spring is adjusted by 'm'eansof a lever J42 actuated by a manual lever I43 which serves to select the engine speed.

.The regulator :53 .is similar to the regulator 1530f Figures 4 and 5 except that it includes a .fourth warped cam I45 actuating a power piston 445; and shaftfi'ri' carries a fourth cam M6 and .is linked by means of lever -38? to therengine .speedcontrol lever I 43 and thereforeis angularly adjusted :in dependence upon the engine :speed.

In addition to the three floating levers 582 r52 and .99, -a fourth lever I' l-I is provided, connected at its upper end with the power :piston :I-45 and carrying a pin I46 engaging a slot fformed in cam I46. The lower end of lever I41 :controls a servomotor comprising a pilot valve I48 which is adapted to connect the space within a resilient bellows 49 either with a low pressure oil line :I-5U or with a high pressure oil line I5I.

The engine throttle 'I 52 may be controlledautomatically through a boost control, or it may *be actuated from a manual lever 15-3 as :shown in Figure 7. The throttle valve I52 is actuated through a linkage including elements l'5'4zand 1.55 whose common pivot point'is connected'with the free end of the servomotor bellows I49 in such a manner that when this bellows is in contracted position as shown in Figure '7 the elements I54 and I55 are almost coaxial; while upon motion toward the left of the pivot valve M3 connecting the high pressure oil line IiiI with the space within the bellows I48, the latter expands andzthe elements I54 and His-are thrown out'of alignment and cause the throttle valve I52 to rotate clockwise toward closed position. Thus, Where the manual lever I53 is turned to its extreme "countor-clockwise position (tending to turn the throttle valve I52 to wide-open adjustment) the servomotor -I4BM9 of the boost control will assume full control of the throttle valve 152, from wide open position (with the power bellows Hi3 fully contracted) to closed position (with the bellows fully extended). It will be clear, therefore, that where automatic control of the engine fuel supply and power :output bythefboost :control is desired,'the manual lever :53 will be'kept in its extremecounter-clockwiseadjustment, and

the datum of the boost control may be varied-at will by means of the lever'fi5 (Figure 5) so as toselect any desired operating condition, in'which case the manual lever I53 would only be resorted to in the event of failure of the boost control. Or, alternatively, the same device may be used for semi-automaticoperation, simply by removing the lever I53 from its fully-advanced (counter-clockwise) adjustment, and using the same lever I53 for direct manual operation of the throttle valve I52, in which case the boost control is confined to the roleof -a stand-by safety boost control is set. Therefore, the 'pilotvalve I48 is removed fromits neutral position, and the power bellows I49 is inactive in :its lowermost position. The pilot or operator may thus controlthe engine'fuel supply directly by actuating the throttle valve from-the'manual lever 153 without any interference on the part of the boost control, so long as the power output of the engine is maintained within the limits for which he has set the lever 65. However, as soon as said limits are exceeded (as it may happen for instance :where' the throttle lever W3 is advanced tooIar, or the airplane descends to lower altitude), the increasing bellows 59 and determines movement of the pilot manifold pressure contracts the valve I48 to the opposite side of its neutral position so as to connect the power bellows I49 with the high pressure line I I whereupon the bellows expands and closes the throttle valve I52 so as to decrease the engine fuel supply and maintain the engine power within the selected limits.

The engine I6 is further provided with a water injection device diagrammatically shown as forming part of the carburetor I62. This device includes an admission pipe I51 connected with a source of pressure water or other suitable liquid or anti-detonating fluid, and a control member or valve I58 for regulating the admission of said water or fluid. The valve I58 is controlled by a lever I59 and is normally kept closed by a spring. A pin secured to lever I59 engages an elongated slot I66 formed at one end of a rod I6I, the opposite end of which is connected to lever 99, thus providing a lost motion connection between the two levers. A calibrated orifice I62 is provided in the water conduit, together with a resilient bellows I63 enclosed in a housing and having one end secured thereto. The space within the bellows I63 and the chamber surrounding the same are connected with the upstream and downstream sides of orifice I62, respectively, whereby the differential pressure determined by the orifice when water is delivered to the engine causes the bellows to expand.

The free end of bellows I63 is connected with the lower end of a floating lever I64, the upper end of which is connected with an intermediate point of another floating lever H6. The lower end of lever H6 is actuated by the manifold temperature responsive element III, while the upper end thereof is actuated by an element I I2 so arranged as to be responsive to changes of exhaust temperature as well as to changes of cylinder temperature. A median point of lever I64 is in turn connected with the lever 51 of the regulator. Another lever I65 is rotatably mounted on a pin carried by rod I6I, and has its lower and upper ends connected with lever I6I and with the lower end of lever I64, respectively.

The regulator 53 operates as follows: when water is not supplied to the engine, the bellows I 63 remains in contracted position as shown in Figure 7; and the levers 62, 92 and 99 control the compression ratio, the spark timing and the fuelair ratio as functions of the adjustment of lever 65, the operation of the detonation detector I25, the manifold and exhaust pressures, the manifold, cylinder and exhaust temperatures and the engine speed.

When bellows I63 is in contracted position, the lever I6I is actuated by lever 99 through rod I6I and floating lever I65, the upper end of the last mentioned lever being substantially stationary. However, upon motion of rod I6I to the left of suificient amplitude to take up the lost motion between pin and elongated slot I66, the lever I59 is-caused to rotate counterclockwise against the load of the tension spring, thereby lifting valve I58 and admitting water to the engine; whereupon bellows I63 expands and moves the lower end of lever I64 to the left. This motion has a a. twofold effect: on the one hand it causes counter-clockwise rotation of lever I 65 and clockwise rotation of lever I M, thereby decreasing the fuel-air ratio. On the other hand it determines counter-clockwise rotation of lever 51 and of the warped cams, supplemented by further rotation in the same direction caused by the drop of operating temperatures accompanying the water in-- jection.

If the water supply is exhausted, the bellows I63 contracts and moves the lower end of lever I64 back to the right; whereupon the lever I6I rotates counter-clockwise to increase the fuelair ratio, and lever 51 is turned clockwise. Owing to the rotation of lever 51 caused by bellows I63, not only the fuel-air ratio but also the compression ratio of the ignition timing may be caused automatically to vary as water is delivered tothe engine cylinders. Obviously, the extent of expansion of the resilient bellows I63 and the effects thereof are dependent upon the amount of water injected.

The general configuration of the warped cam I44 is huch that axial motion thereof as caused by increase of manifold pressure (upward motion as seen in Figure 8) and/ or rotation thereof as determined by increase of engine operating temperatures (clockwise rotation of lever 51 in Figure 7) cause clockwise rotation of lever I41 about its pin I46 and displacement of valve I48 toward the left. Where the lever I53 is in intermediate position, as shown in Figure 7, that is, for manual operation of the throttle valve I52, the bellows I49 remains inactive until valve I48 moves far enough to the left to connect the space within the bellows with the high pressure oil line I5,I.. When this occurs bellows I49 expands, turns the throttle valve I52 clockwise and determines a decrease of boost or manifold pressure, thus causing bellows 59 to expand and shift cam I44 downward as seen in Figure 8. This motion of cam I44 causes displacement of valve I48 to the right, until the connection between the high pressure oil line I5I and bellows I49 is interrupted, whereupon expansion of the latter ceases. It is thus apparent that the device of Figures 7 and 8 automatically limits the manifold pressure to a maximum value which is a function of the various parameters or variables upon which the adjustments of cam I44 and cam I46 are dependent. With a warped cam I44 having the general configuration set forth above said boost limit increases upon counter-clockwise rotation of the pilot lever 65, decrease of exhaust pressure, and/or decrease of engine operating temperatures; and said boost limit decreases upon occurrence of detonation. Furthermore, for a given value of the engine operating temperatures the boost limit increases when water is supplied to the engine cylinders. The pilot lever 65 may be so set as to select various automatic regulations of the boost limit, corresponding for example to take-01f rating admissible only for a few minutes, or to cruising operation. Where, on the other hand, the lever I53 is in fully advanced (or extreme counter-clockwise) adjustment, the boost control operates not only to prevent certain operating conditions from exceeding selected values, but is effective at all times to control the fuel flow so as to obtain automatically the schedule or program of operating conditions as selected by means of the datum-varying lever 65.

Figure 9 shows a' fuel injection compressionignition engine I6" provided with an exhaustdriven turbine I69 coupled with a supercharger I66 supplying air to the engine. A conventional gear-driven supercharger I66 may be provided in series between blower I68 and the engine cylinders. I

The turbine I69 is controlled by means of an exhaust gate I16 which may be opened to disgamma.

ll charge exhaust fluid directly: to; the; atmosphere; thus to reduce the speed of supercharger: m8; A servomotor I1 I. having. a pilot. valve I12. actuated by an induction. pressure and temperature responsive bellows l'l3.controls.the. gate rm.

Fuel is supplied tothe engine cylinders by. an injection pump I'M. driven from. the engine through a slidable coupling. I15. connected by means of. straight and helical splines. with the driving and. driven pump. shafts, respectively, whereby axial motion of the coupling. sleeve. H5. controls the timing of the intermittent fuel. in jection and in turn regulates the ignition timingv This coupling sleeve I35. carries diametrally opposed pins connected with one endof alever Ill. the. median point of which is. connected with. a bi-metallic strip. I19. surrounded by a. coil I8!) connected. with the rate of cylinder pressure rise. responsive. device I25, the. arrangement being such that upon. increase of said rate of. pressure rise the coupling is shifted to theleft and retards the. injection.

ilhe regulator 53." includesa shaft-54 car-ry ing three warped cams operating onthe median pointsrof threelevers I83; I84andI85. The shaft isaxially positioned by. means of a manual con trol member. 65. and by only. one resilientpressure-responsive bellows, nobi-metallicstrip I2 I being. provided. The housing which encloses this single bellows is connected through a pipe I86- with avalve. device I8]. mounted. onthe head-of one of. the; engine cylinders. This. device in-- cludes a resiliently loaded. valve element whichopens when. the cylinder pressure reaches itspealgthus maintaining within pipe Itfiand the bellows. housing a. pressure. which. is substantially the same as the. maximum cylinder pressure The angular adjustmentof. the warped cams is controlled throughlever 51 by'an exhausttem perature responsive element. I891. The lower'ends of levers I83, I84 and; I85. have a pin and slot connectionwith three cams secured-to-shaft 85- which is angularly adjustedby means ofan en. gine-driven centrifugal device 89 The upperends of levers N33,. I34. and I85: are connected with the injection. timing lever III, the compres-- sion ratio control lever 41 and the lower-end of lever I8I,,respectively. Lever I8.I-is'operated=on: by bellows I13 and is; connectedat its upper end with the pilot valve I12.

The adjustment of thepilotvalve I12 asshown in Figure 9 is such as to.admitihighpressure oiL from conduit ISH. to the chamber on-the-right side of the power cylinder IJ I,,socas. to maintain the exhaust gate I'Iiiclosed. Uponincrease ofmanifold pressure, and in the event: thatbellows I13 encloses fluid upon decrease of manifold: temperature, the bellows contracts and moves the valve I12 to the left; and if the manifold pressure, or the density, exceeds a certainvalue, the valve I12 connects the chamber on the right of piston III with one of the oil drain lineswhile it admits pressure oil from conduit I9ll-to the op?- posite side of the piston, thus starting..the.servo-- motor in the direction to open the'gate. I .i'fiswhichin turn determines deceleration of supercharger I08 and decrease of manifold pressure. Whereupon bellows I13 expands and displacesthevalve I12 to the right until the latter attains. its.neutraliposition and stops the rotation of gate- I-ifi. It is thus clear that bellows I73. operates to con-- trol or to limit the manifold pressure or density to a maximum value dependent upon the=adjustmentof the lower end. ofv lever Iili; and: that therefore this controlled or maximum.value, the

engine compression ratio: and: the: time ing are controlled by'the regulator-aspreselected; functions of the adjustment. of'manualzlever; Bil. of the cylinder peakpressure; exhaust tempera-- ture and engine speed; andthat furthermore:- the: intermittent injection of fuel is. retarded. upon. occurrence of engine knock.

These embodiments of theinventionhaveabeen: shown merely for purpose of illustration and not. as a limitation of the scope of the invention: It is therefore: to. be. expressly understood that the invention is not limited to the specific. embodiments shown, but may be used in variousother ways, with different types of engines, and thatvarious changes, substitutions, additions: and omissions may be made in the construction, ar rangement and manner of operation of the parts and elements within the scope or limits of theinvention as definedin the following claims. In particular, while the warpedcamshave been=di"s-- closed as slidable and rotatable, according totlie invention they'may have two other orders-of ad justment, for example they may be reversibly slidable in two directions at right angles.- Itwill be further appreciated by those skilled inthe art that while means actuated upon changes of engine load have been specifically disclosedconnection with Figures 5 and 9 as inductionpressure responsive bellows 59" and I13, respectively, other devices also actuated upon engine load variations may be substituted therefor; such-- for example as=engine torque-responsive-means or hydraulic torque meters connected with the pro peller reduction gear, which are well-known in the art. The invention may obviously'beapplied not only to aircraft powerplants but alsotoany other suitable engine or primemover: Certain features set forth herein are disclosed' in my copending' applications Serial N01 401,353, filed: July '7, 1941, now Patent No. 2,378;036, andS'erial No.- 523-,l92, filed February 21', 1944, now Pat-- ent No. 2,378,037.

Where theclaims are directed to less than-all; of the elements of the complete systems'discloscd.

' they are intended to cover possible uses of therecited' elements in installations which lack the non iecited elements;

I claim:

1-. For a' compression-ignition engine having fuel injection timing control means, a regulating; device including means responsive to the rate of." cylinder pressure rise adapted for. connection. with said timing'control means'to retard? the injectionfor-high values of said rate.

2. Engine control system including throttle regulating means and engine operatingpressura. temperature and speed responsive means. and detonation detecting means for controili'ng; said throttle regulating means to limit the maximum" engine boost.

3. Inv an. integrated engine regulating device; maximum boost control means; engine compression ratio control means; fuel-air-"rati'o'andanti detonant injection control means;- warped cam means reversibly adjustable in two distinct ways for the simultaneous and coordinate actuation of said control means; adjustable operative connections for actuating said control means" from i said cam: means; means for modifying-the ad"- justment' of said operative connections with; changes of enginespeed'; and means for altering the adjustment of said cam means" in said two ways; including manual means; manifold pressureand temperature-responsive means; exhaust 13 pressure responsive means, and a detonation detector.

4. In a regulating system for an engine provided with water injection: first means for controlling the maximum boost; second means for controlling the fuel-air ratio; means for actuating said first and second means with changes of engine speed, manifold air temperature and exhaust back pressure; and means responsive to flow of injected water for operating on said first and second means to raise the maximum boost and lower the fuel-air ratio during water injection.

5. For use with an engine provided with an anti-detonant injection device: first means for controlling the engine boost; automatic means for actuating the first means to vary the maximum boost obtainable as a preselected function of engine speed, induction air temperature and exhaust back pressure; and means for raising the maximum boost obtainable while anti-detonant is being injected.

6. For use with an engine having an injection system for supplying water or other liquid to the engine: a regulating device including first means to control the engine fuel supply; engine operative pressure, temperature and speedresponsive means connected with the first means for limiting the maximum engine fuel supply in preselected relation to said engine pressure, temperature and speed; and second means associated with the water injection system and connected with the first means to raise the limit of said maximum engine fuel supply while water is being supplied to the engine.

7. For a combustion engine having a supply system for delivering water or other liquid to the engine: means responsive to engine induction air pressure and temperature, to engine speed and to an additional temperature resulting from engine combustion to limit the maximum attainable engine fuel supply in predetermined relation to changes of said pressure, temperatures and speed; and means associated with said water supply system to raise the limit of said maximum engine fuel supply while water is being injected.

8. For use with an engine fuel supply system having mixture control means to vary the fuel/ air ratio of the engine charge, an anti-detonant supply system including a flow passage and means providing a flow restriction therein; a regulating valve upstream of said restriction to meter the anti-detonant; manual and automatic means for actuating said regulating valve to control the engine supply of anti-detonant; and a pressure responsive device for actuating the mixture control means to decrease the fuel/ air ratio in predetermined relation to the pressure drop across said flow restriction.

9. An integrated control for a supercharged engine including, in combination, a fuel feed system and first means associated therewith to alter the fuel/air ratio; second means to vary the engine ignition timing; third means to regulate the limit of maximum engine boost obtainable; an auxiliary fluid supply device; auxiliary fluid flow responsive means including pressure responsive means actuated by a differential pressure resulting from flow of said auxiliary fluid; and an operative connection between said flow responsive means and said first, second and third means to vary the fuel/air ratio, alter the ignition timingand change the limit of maximum engine 14 boost obtainable in predetermined relation to the fiow of said auxiliary fluid.

10. In an integrated control for supercharged engine, in combination, boost pressure regulating means; fuel/air ratio control means; ignition timing control means; an anti-detonant supply system; and means responsive to flow of antidetonant and operatively connected with said boost pressure regulating means, fuel/air ratio control means and ignition timing control means to alter the maximum boost obtainable, the fuel/ air ratio-and the ignition timing while antidetonant is being supplied to the engine.

11. For an engine having manifold pressure regulating means and a water or other liquid injection system, an automatic regulator including: a manually actuated control lever; first pressure responsive bellows, and a passage through which the first bellows may be subjected to engine manifold pressure; second pressure responsive bellows, and a passage through which the second bellows may be subjected to a pressure which tends to vary with changes of altitude; third pressure responsive means, and a passage through which the third means may be subjected to a pressure which increases upon occurrence of Water injection; and power means under the control of said first and second pressure responsive bellows and third pressure responsive means for actuating the manifold pressure regulating means.

12. For use with an engine having an antidetonant injection system, an automatic control device including: manifold pressure responsive means; additional pressure responsive means sensing changes of a pressure tending to vary with the altitude; third means actuated upon injection of anti-detonant; and power means controlled by said three means to control the engine fuel supply.

13. For use with an engine having an antidetonant injection system, an automatic con-trol including: engine manifold pressure responsive means; additional pressure responsive means sensing changes of a pressure which varies with the altitude; third means actuated upon antidetonant injection; regulating means for controlling the engine fuel supply; and an operative connection including floating levers and a hydraulic power system to actuate said regulating means from said manifold pressure responsive means, additional pressure responsive means and third means.

14. For use with an engine having a combustion chamber, a system of passages leading combustion air to the combustion chamber and discharging combustion gases therefrom, a fuel supply system, and an injection system for supplying the engine with a fluid tending to lower engine operating temperatures under high load conditions; an automatic control device including: firs-t pressure responsive means; a passage for connecting the first pressure responsive means with said system Of passages; second pressure responsive means; a passage for subjecting said 7 second means to a pressure tending to vary with the altitude; third pressure responsive means; a passage for subjecting said third means to a pressure which varies as said fluid is being injected; and power means controlled by said gamma P5 with a liquid-tending to lower' engine operative temperatures, an automatic control devicein eluding: a-controllever actuatediromthe manual control: engine operative pressure responsive means; engine operative temperature responsive means; and a control member actuated by said lever and pressureand temperature responsive means for controlling said injection system to bringabout' injection: of said liquid: under -predetermined conditions of engine operative pressure, temperature and setting of the controlllever.

1-6; Forusezwith an engine having an air intake system and a water or other liquid injection system; a passage through which the wateris supplied to the engine, flow restricting means-insaid passage, and diiierential pressure responsive means actuated by the dififerential pressure createdby flow of water through said flow re'-- stricting means, an automatic engine control having: a pressure responsivebellows; a passage for connecting said bellows with said air intake" system to subject the bellows at alltimes to the pressure therein; regulating meansfor alteringthe operative setting of the bellows; and an operative connection for actuating: the regulating means from said diiierent'ial pressure responsive means to modify: the operative adjustment oi the engine control during Water injection.

17. For use with anengine; having an antidetonant. injectionsystem, a passage through which anti-detonant is supplied to the engine, fiovvrest'ricting meansin said passage, and pressure responsive means actuated by flowof 'antidetonant thrcughr said flow restrictingmeans; a fuel'supply system including: fuel-air ratio-ragwlating means, and an operative connection for actuating the. fuel-air ratio regulating meansfrom: said pressure responsive means to decrease thefuel-air ratio in predetermined rel'ation-tothe flow of anti-detonant which is .being'supplied -to the engine.

183. For use. with. an engine; having an ignitionsyst'em, an anti-'detonantinjection system, and pressure responsive means sensing flow of anti detonant as the latter is being supplied to the engine, an ignition timing apparatus including timing control means, and an operative connection for actuating-the timing control means-from said; pressure responsive means a toalter: the ignition timing. when anti-detonant is being injected 19; Apparatus for controlling the fuel supply of. a. combustion engine having. an air induction passage, a fuel supply system and an auxiliary fluid; supply system; said apparatus comprising a powerrsystem; for variably regulating the engine fuel supply; adapted for connection with said air induction passage to. be. constantly exposed to the pressure therein; second pressure responsive means for sensing changes of a pressuretending to vary with the altitude; third means actuated during actual supply of auxiliary fluid to the engine; and, an; operative connection between said first, second; and, third means and said power system forv actuating the. latter to alter the engine fuel supply automatically in predetermined relation to; movements of said first, secondand third means.

20. In a fuel supply system for an engine, in combination. engine fuel flow control means; anauxiliary charge fluid injection system for-the engine, engine operating temperature responsive means, auxiliaryfiuid inj ection responsive means actuated upon injection of said; auxiliary fluid".

andi connecting means actuating said fuel flow' first pressure responsive meanscontrol means fromsaid-temperature. responsivemeans and said auxiliary fluid injection responsive= means-to alter theengine fuel: flow upon injection 0tsaid auxiliary: fluid and in predetermined relation to changes :of' said temperature;

23. In: a. supercharged engine having an air inductiomsystem, irrcombination, a boost control including power means to regulate the pressure inn-portion of said: induction system; an antidetonant' injection: system; anti-detonant injectiomresponsive-means; engine operating temperature responsive. means; and connecting means between said temperature responsive means, said in; ectiorr responsive meansand said boost control for: modiiyi'n-gthe operativesetting of said boost control; to alter the. pressure in. said portion 05 the: induction. systenn upon. injection of antidetonant':-. and in. predetermined. relation to changes. at said: temperature.

2-2. In. a. fuell feeding: system for an engine, in combinatiom. a mixture. regulating device for varying the fuel-air ratio of the engine; com busti-blea mixture; an. auxiliary fluid injection system; auxiliary: fluid: iniectiorr responsive;

means; engine: operating temperature responsive i fluid and; im predetermined. relation to variationsof said-temperature 2-33. A; fuel supply-"system for an engine havingan air induction system and; aniauxiliary fluid injection: system. including; fluid. injection responsive means; temperature; responsive means adapted for-connection to a portionflof. the engine aininductioni system; and. fuelrair ratio regulating;v means connected. to: be actuated by said: fluid: injection responsives means; and temperature re sponsive means for altering. the fuel-air ratio; upondnjectio-n: of? auxiliary fluid: and; varying said: ratiov as: a preselected. function of said temperature...

2e Apparatus; for use; with; an internal coma-- bustionengine; including" an intake manifold, comprising a; source of. anti-knock. fluid, a.v con-- duit for connecting said source to. said engine; a metering valve inusaidmonduit; a floating lever having; one; portion connected to said valve, a temperature? responsive; element; connected to anothenportion of said levenandi a pressure-sen.-. sitive-element responsive to. absolute; pressure in said manifold alsoconnecteitozsaid'leverz 25: Apparatus as defined: in; claim 2%, compris ing in addition; an. aneroid; capsule. connected to said pressure responsive element to. affectv the. operationzthereof;

2.6; Apparatus; for controlling: the; intake pres,- sure: of asupercharged engine; including a meme her for actuating a throttle valve in the; engine. inductionpassage; a servomotor for operating said member; a device responsive to pressure. tending tovarywith thealtitude; a device: re:- sponsive, to. the. temperature of the engine operating medium,-= apressure responsive device. cone nect'ed to a passage through. which a liquid is injected into the engine, whichdevice is actuated. by certain pressure variations, of said, liquid; a; manually positioned, part and, an, operative con: nection between said devices, said part and said servomotor to. actuate the servomoton.

27'. Apparatus for controlling the intake pres.- sure of anengineincluding a member for. actuating' a throttle valve in the. engine. induction system, a servomotor for operating said member, a

device responsive to a pressure tending to vary with the altitude,'a device'responsive to the temperature of the engine operating medium, a device responsive to engine intake pressure, a

device responsive to certain pressure variations .of a liquid injected into the engine, and means under control by said devices for controlling the servomotor.

28. Apparatus for controlling the intake pressure of a supercharged engine, including a memof the engine operating medium, a pressure responsive device adapted for connection with a passage through which a liquid is injected into the engine and actuated upon certain pressure variations in said passage, and means under control by said devices for controlling the servomotor. 29. Apparatus for controlling the intake pressure of a supercharged engine, including a reversible servomotor operating to increase or decrease the engine intake pressure, a device responsive to variations in the temperature of the engine operating medium, a pressure responsive device connected with a passage through which a liquid under pressure is sup-plied to the engine, and means under control by said devices for controlling the servomotor.

, 30. In a supercharged engine, in combination, a manifold pressure regulator having datumchanging means, an ignition system having ignition timing regulating means, an anti-detonant injection system, anti-detonant injection sensing means, and an operating connection between said injection sensing means, said datum-changing means and said timing regulating means for increasing the maximum value of manifold pressure obtainable by said manifoldpressure regulator and modifying the ignition timing during injection of anti-detonant.

, 31. In combination with an engine having an intake manifold, a manifold pressure regulator having datum changing means; a fuel sup-ply system dependent upon the setting of said member and the attainment of predetermined manifold pressure; and means becoming efiectiveduring injection of said auxiliary charging fluid to the engine to actuate said datum changing means and said fuel-air ratio varying means.

32. In an engine, in combination, a fuel supply system having fuel-air ratio varying means, an ignition system having ignition timing changing means, an auxiliary fluid injection system, and fluid injection responsive means connected to said ratio varying means and timing changing means to alter said fuel-air ratio and said ignition timing when said auxiliary fluid is injected.

33. A control system for an engine, said system comprising a valve for controlling the engine intake air, a member movable to vary the position of said valve, regulating means automatically responsive to changes in the engine intake air pressure for moving said member to maintain a predetermined engine intake air pressure, a three 13 Y dimensional cam movable to set the pressure maintained by said regulating means, means connecting said member-to said cam for moving said cam along one path in response to movements of said member, and manually operable means for moving said cam along another path.

34. A control system for an engine, said system comprising a valve for controlling the engine intake air, a member movable to vary the position of said valve, regulating means automatically responsive to changes in the engine intake air pressure for moving said member, a first three dimensional cam movable to determine the pressure maintained by said regulating means, means connecting said member to said cam for moving said cam along one path in response to movements of said member, manually operable means for moving said cam along another path, and a second three dimensional cam movable with said first cam for controlling the rate at which an anti-detonant is introduced into said engine.

35. A control system for an engine; said system comprising regulating means automatically operable to maintain a condition indicative of engine torque at a predetermined value, said regulating means including means adjustable to determine the magnitude of said predetermined value; a three dimensional cam movable for positioning said adjustable means; manually operable means for moving said cam along one path; and means for moving said cam along another path,

36. A control system for an engine having a member movable to vary the power output of said engine; said system comprising regulating means operatively connected to said member and automatically operable to move said member to maintain a predetermined engine power output, said regulating means including means adjustable to determine the magnitude of power out'putmaintained by said regulating means; a three dimensional cam movable for positioning said adjustable means; manually operable means for moving said cam along one path; and means for moving said cam along another path.

37. A control system for an engine, said system comprising a valve for controlling the engine intake air, a member movable to vary the position of said valve, regulating meansautomatically responsive to changes in the engine intake air pressure for moving said member to maintain a pre-' determined engine intake air pressure, a three dimensional cam movable to set the pressure maintained by said regulating means, means for automaticallymoving said cam along one path; and manually operable means for moving said cam along another path.

38 Apparatus for supplying an auxiliary charge of water or other suitable liquid to an internal combustion engine having an induction passage and means for supplying fuel thereto; comprising a source of said liquid, a conduit for connecting said source to the engine, a metering valve in said conduit controlling the supply of said liquid to the engine, and control means for said valve comprising a temperature responsive member subject to temperature changes in said induction passage, a pressure responsive member subject to pressure variations in said induction passage, andmeans connecting said temperature responsive member and said pressure responsive member to said control valve.

39. In combination with a combustion engine having a system of ducts leading combustion air thereto and exhausting combustion products 19 therefrom, and means for supplying fuel to.- the engine, an auxiliary charge injection systemv for supplying water or other suitable liquid to the engine including a flow passage having a metering valve therein, pressure responsive means operatively connected to. actuate said metering valve, and conduit: means. for connecting. said pressure responsive means withdififerent portions of said system of ducts.

40.. For use with a supercharged engine having an air inductionsystem and a device for supplying a primary fuel. to the engine, an auxiliary charge injection system. for supplying water or other suitable liquid to the engine under predetermined operating" conditions, including a flow passagehaving'a metering valve therein; pressure responsive means connected. to said valve, conduit means for connecting said pressure responsive means to said induction system, and means for modifying the action of said pressure responsive means as a function of the temperature in a portion of said induction system.

41. In an engine having a fuel supply system, fuel rate control means, and. an injection system for supplying the engine with water or other suitable liquid to lower engine: temperature level: first means actuated in response to injection of said liquid; second means responsive to changes of an engine temperature dependent upon iuel rate and upon injection of said liquid; and an operative connection for actuating said fuel rate control means from said first and second means.

42. An engine fuel supply system having fuel rate control. means; an injection system for supplying an auxiliary charge of water or other liquid to the engine to lower the temperature level hereof;'temperature responsive means for sensing an engine operating temperature which is dependout upon both the rate of engine fuel supply and the injection of said liquid; and an operative connection for actuating said fuel rate control means from said temperature responsive means,

43. In a regulating devicefor a prime mover, the combination of control means for regulating the rate of fuel supply to the prime mover, control means arranged to be responsive to change of speed of said prime mover, control means arranged to be responsive to manual supervision, control means arranged to be a responsive. to changes of temperature inaportion of said prime mover, control means arranged to be responsive to changes of air pressure affecting prime mover operation, and means including a floating lever connected at various points with said control means for interconnecting all of said control means.

44. In a regulating mechanism for. a power plant, the combination. of control means for regulating the rate of fuel flow to said power plant, control means for regulating the speed of said power plant, control means arranged to heresponsive to manual supervision, control means arranged to be responsive to changes of temperature in a portion of said power plant, control means arranged to be responsive to variations of pressure in a portion of said power plant, and means including a floating lever connected at different points with said control means for operatively interconnecting all of said control means.

45. In regulating apparatus for a powerplant including an operating medium supply system, the combination of control means for regulating the supply of said operating medium to the powerplant, temperature responsive means sensing variations in. a temperature condition appurtenant to the operation of the powerplant for modifying the action of said control means to prevent excessive temperatures, additional liquid supply means for feeding an auxiliary charge to said powerplant to secure extra power, and means becoming effective upon operation of said liquid supply means for altering the action of said temperature responsive means to permit emergency operation at temperatures above the normal limit.

46. Engine regulating apparatus comprising in comprising in combination a fuel supply system, fuel control means for regulating the engine fuel supply, temperature responsive means sensing engine temperature for operating on said fuel control means to reduce the fuel supply upon a predetermined increase of engine temperature, a, liquid injection system for supplying the engine with an additional charge, and means actuated in response to operation of said liquid injection system for automatically varying the range setting of said temperature responsive means.

47. Engine regulating apparatus comprising in combination control means for variably regulating a plurality oi engine operating conditions affecting engine temperature level, temperature responsive means sensing engine temperature and operatively connected to said control means for modifying the operation thereof to prevent excessive engine temperatures, a liquid injection system for supplying the engine with an auxiliary charge, and means efi'ective upon operation of said injection system for altering the action of said temperature responsive means.

FERDINANDO CARLO REGGIO.

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Number Country Date 280,506 GreatBritain July 19, 1928 

